| Bright
Futures in Practice: Physical Activity |
|
ERGOGENIC
AIDS
Table
21. Potential Adverse Effects of Ergogenic Aids on Children
and Adolescents
Ergogenic
Aid |
|
| Anabolic
steroids |
* Testicular
atrophy, clitoral hypertrophy, menstrual irregularities,
gynecomastia (males), hirsutism, hepatocellular toxicity,
hepatocellular carcinoma, hypertension, acne, alopecia,
lipid abnormalities, premature epiphyseal closure, mood
swings
|
| Androstenedione |
* Decreased
testosterone
|
| Beta-2
agonists |
* Tremor,
palpitations, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, anxiety,
insomnia, headache, nausea
|
| Creatine |
* Muscle
cramping, muscle strains, dehydration |
Human
growth
hormone |
* Acromegalic
syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (cadaveric HGH),
hypothyroidism
|
| Narcotics |
* Respiratory
depression, sedation, nausea, constipation, urinary retention,
flushing, pruritis, urticaria, withdrawal symptoms after
habitual use
|
Stimulants
(amphetamines,
caffeine, ephedrine, sympathomimetic amines) |
* Restlessness,
insomnia, anxiety, tremor, palpitations, tachycardia,
cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, disruptions in thermoregulation
|
|
Amino
acid and protein supplements
Moderate
amounts (i.e., < 2 g/kg body mass/day)
Excessive
amounts (i.e., > 2 g/kg body mass/day)
|
* None
* Dehydration,
gout, gastrointestinal upset, hepatotoxicity, renal toxicity,
hypercalciuria, impaired essential amino acid absorption
|
|
Vitamin
A
Moderate
amounts
Excessive
amounts (300% of the
Recommended Daily Allowance [RDA])
|
* None
* Fatigue,
irritability, increased intracranial pressure, gastrointestinal
upset, hepatocellular toxicity, bone and joint pain,
hypercalcemia, skin and nail abnormalities
|
|
Niacin
Moderate
amounts
Excessive
amounts (300% of the RDA)
|
* None
* Flushing,
pruritis, gastrointestinal upset, skin abnormalities,
glucose intolerance, hyperuricemia, hepatocellular toxicity
|
|
Vitamin
B6
Moderate
amounts
Excessive
amounts (300% of the RDA)
|
* None
* Headache,
nausea, sensory neuropathy, hepatocellular toxicity
|
|
Vitamin
C
Moderate
amounts
Excessive
amounts (300% of the RDA)
|
* None
* Gastrointestinal
upset, nephrolithiasis
|
|
Vitamin
D
Moderate
amounts
Excessive
amounts (300% of the RDA)
|
* None
* Hypercalcemia
and its associated effects, including weakness, lethargy,
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, polyuria, cardiac
arrhythmia
|
|
Vitamin
E
Moderate
amounts
Excessive
amounts (300% of the RDA)
|
* None
* Gastrointestinal
upset, fatigue, weakness, lipid abnormalities, inhibited
absorption or action of vitamin K
|
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